Section 8 Urinary tract

Liu Yangyang

一、 检查技术 Imaging technique

(一) X-ray

1.KUBkidney-ureter-bladder)腹部平片

        可观察肾大小、形状和位置

        Observe kidney size, shape and location

        主要显示泌尿系统阳性结石和钙化

        Positive stones and calcification of urinary tract

        Urography (尿路造影):静脉肾盂造影&逆行肾盂造影

2.静脉性肾盂造影(intravenous pyelographyIVP:又称排泄性尿路造影(excretory urography)。——掌握概念

After intravenous injection, the iodine-containing water-soluble contrast agent is filtered into the renal calyx and renal pelvis by glomerular filtration, which not only shows the renal calyx, renal pelvis, ureter and inner wall of bladder and lumen morphology, but also can roughly know the  excretion function of the kidneys.

It should be used with caution or forbidden for those with impaired renal function.

        Clearly showing the subtle changes in the renal calyx and renal pelvis

    清晰显示肾盂、肾盏内腔的微细改变

        Show ureter and bladder lumen morphology

    可显示输尿管及膀胱内腔形态

        Understand kidney function

    了解肾功能情况

3. Retrograde/Ascending pyelography

(逆行肾盂造影)

It is an examination method for inserting a catheter into a ureter under a cystoscope and injecting an iodine-containing contrast agent to show the renal calyx, pelvis and ureter.

 是在膀胱镜下将导管插入输尿管内并注入含碘对比剂,使肾盏、肾盂和输尿管显影的检查方法。

        Invasive technique有创性检查

        For urinary tract obstructive disease,  to know the site of obstruction.

       用于尿路梗阻性病变,明确梗阻部位。

(二)CT 

方法 techinique:平扫plain scan、增强enhanced scanCTACTU

优点 Pros:密度和空间分辨率相对较高,三维重建,无创

High density and spatial resolution, 3D reconstruction, non-invasive

        Showing anatomy: the inner surface of renal calyx, renal pelvis and bladder and renal parenchyma and bladder wall

     显示正常的解剖:肾盂、肾盏及膀胱内腔,还能显示肾实质层及膀胱壁

        Detecting lesions: highly sensitive

      发现病变:敏感性高

        Diagnosis: showing the characteristics of lesions for diagnosis

     定性:显示病变特征,进行定性诊断

        Plain scan: For urinary calculi, simple renal cysts and polycystic kidney disease, CT scan can make the diagnosis.

     对于泌尿系统结石、单纯性肾囊肿和多囊肾

        Enhanced examination: Most urinary system diseases need to be enhanced on the basis of plain scan to further clarify the extent and nature of the lesion.      

      大多数泌尿系统疾病,均需在平扫基础上行增强检查,以进一步明确病变范围和性质。

        增强扫描分为:肾皮质期,实质期,排泄期

       Renal cortical phase,  parenchyma phase, excretory phase 

        CT尿路成像(CT urographyCTU

      在肾脏排泄期采集图像,并对数据进行三维重组,可得到类似IVP检查效果的图像。目前,CTU正逐步替代IVP检查,但其辐射剂量偏高。

        CT血管成像(CT angiographyCTA

      在静脉内快速注射含碘对比剂后的肾动脉期采集图像,并对容积数据进行三维重组,可获得犹如X线肾动脉造影效果的图像,用于诊断肾血管病变。

(三)MRI检查 

        MRI通常作为超声和(或)CT检查后的补充方法(supplementary method)

        方法:平扫、增强、MRAMRU

        无创,无造影剂,无射线

        其组织分辨力高和多参数、多序列和多方位成像的优势

        肾呼吸动度小,图像清晰,显示解剖结构逼真,可分辨皮质及髓质

        在显示病变内部结构、肿瘤的侵犯及转移、肿瘤的分期等方面均优于CT

        磁共振尿路造影(magnetic resonance urography, MRU)

        平扫检查

        轴位T1WIT2WI+/-冠状和(或)矢状位。

        脂肪抑制序列:有利于含脂肪病变的诊断。

        扩散加权成像(DWI/ADC):对疾病的诊断和鉴别诊断有一定价值。

        增强检查

        增强多期扫描效果类似CT多期增强检查。

        可用于因碘对比剂禁忌证不能行CT增强者,但严重肾功能不全病人体内滞留的钆有导致肾源性系统性纤维化的危险,同样禁行MRI增强检查。

                    肾动脉MR血管成像(MRA):Gd-DTPA的增强MRA检查,作为肾动脉及其较大分支病变的筛查方法,诊断准确性不及肾动脉CTA检查。

                    磁共振尿路造影(MRU):利用水成像原理,使含尿液的肾盂肾盏、输尿管和膀胱呈高信号,周围结构皆为极低信号,如IVP所见,主要用于检查尿路梗阻,尤其适用于IVP检查显影不佳和不能行IVPCTU检查者。

二、 正常影像表现

Normal imaging appearance

The urinary tract is made up of the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder, and the urethra

Kidney

         In the abdominal cavity, either side of the spine

         Size :

   11 to 14 cm in length and 3 to 5 cm in width

   difference size (left kidney is often 0.5 to 1.5 cm longer than the right)

         Location:

   Right kidney :between T12 and L3

   Left kidney :between T11 and L2

Kidney

  Renal parenchyma

   Cortex

   Medulla

  Only be differentiating

            on CT or MRI

        The vascular supply to the kidney generally consists of a single pair of renal arteries.

        However , occasionally two or more arteries (accessory renal arteries) to each kidney are present.

Ureter

         course down the retroperitoneal surface on either side of the vertebral column

         generally in a vertical pattern, until they reach the bony pelvis, where they may make a slight lateral deviation before turning medially to enter the posterior aspect of the bladder at the trigone

Bladder

  smooth and ovoid without tuberculation or other mucosal markings

2、尿路造影 Urography

Normal CT images

4. Normal MRI images

Pathologic considerations 肾脏疾病

This discussion will concentrate on the diseases that produce recognizable morphologic abnormalities

1. Congenital abnormalities

2. Calculus

3. Infections

4. Cysts

5. Tumors

6. Traumatic lesions

Abnormalities of number, position, shape and size of kidney

1. Renal Agenesis肾缺如

2. Renal Ectopia 异位肾

3. Malrotation of kidney肾脏旋转异常

4. Abnormalities of shape of kidney 融合肾分叶肾、驼峰肾和肾柱排列异常

5. Renal hypoplasia肾发育不全

 

Abnormalities of renal pelvis and ureter

                 Duplication of kidney重复肾/肾盂输尿管重复畸形

                 Ureterocele 输尿管膨出

1. Renal Agenesis 肾缺如

         Abnormal position of bowel in the renal fossa (descending duodenum or hepatic flexure on the right, and anatomic splenic flexure on the left) indicate that no kidney is present there.

         The renal artery is absent in renal agenesis and, in most cases, the ureter is absent.

         The normal contralateral kidney will develop compensatory hypertrophy.

  Renal agenesis

2. Renal Ectopia 异位肾

         Abnormal position of one kidney with regard to the other

         Crossed renal ectopia: the affected kidney is located on the other side of the abdomen (usually beneath the normal kidney) 

         Renal prolapse: The affected kidney is lower than contralateral kidney over than one vertebrae or 5cm

         Pelvic kidney

  Renal prolapse

  Abnormal kidney rotation

4. Abnormalities of kidney morphology 肾脏形态异常

            Including fusion kidney, lobulated kidney, hump kidney and abnormal arrangement of renal column

1fusion kidney融合肾

            The most common is the horseshoe kidney(马蹄肾), which is the fusion of the lower or upper poles of the kidneys.

            X-ray performance: the position of the kidney shadow on the plain film is low, and the angle of the kidney ridge is changed. IVP showed that the distance between the two kidneys was shortened, the distance between the upper jaws increased, and the rotation was abnormal.

            CT and MRI: The renal parenchyma that connects the lower or upper poles of the kidney is found in front of the spine.

2lobulated kidney, hump kidney and Abnormal arrangement of renal column分叶肾、驼峰肾和肾柱排列异常

  Horseshoe kidney

  Horseshoe kidney

5. Renal hypoplasia 肾发育不全/侏儒肾

       表现为体积缩小,因为组织结构正常,其密度和信号无异常,常伴对侧增大

       Decrease in size, but the kidney structure is normal

       Imaging appearance is similar as normal kidney, but the size of kidney is small.

Abnormalities of renal pelvis and ureter

                 Duplication of kidney重复肾/肾盂输尿管重复畸形

                 Ureterocele 输尿管膨出

  Abnormalities of renal pelvis and ureter

  Duplication of kidney

  Duplication of kidney

  Duplication of kidney with kidney stone

 (一)renal calculus肾结石

         Obstruction and infection of the urinary system

         Symptoms: pain and hematuria.

         X-ray

1)分布:与肾影重叠的高密度影

2)形状特点:肾盏结石:圆形

            肾盂结石:三角形

                 肾盂肾盏结石:鹿角形、珊瑚形、桑椹状

3侧位片:高密度影与脊柱重叠

4IVP:肾盂肾盏内的充盈缺损,及肾盂肾盏扩张

            X线表现:

1)能发现阳性结石,为结节状高密度影。

2IVP:证实平片的结石位于输尿管内;显示阴性结石,为输尿管内的充盈缺损;上方平面输尿管及肾盂肾盏扩张。

         CT表现:能显示所有类型结石,均表现为高密度。

         MRI表现:对钙化不敏感,一般不用于结石诊断。

          Vesicle calculus or bladder stone:

        The formation of bladder stone may be primary or secondary.

        The stone may be round, oval, mulberry, or laminated in shape.

          True primary bladder stone may either arise in aseptic or infected urine, by deposition of salts on a nucleus, which may be renal calculus, blood clot, or foreign body.

          Secondary calculi are merely calculi, which have passed down from the kidney.

 

泌尿系统结核

病理 

          病变向下蔓延,可引起输尿管结核。输尿管受累致管壁增厚、僵直、管腔狭窄或闭塞。

          向下累及膀胱,引起粘膜面慢性炎症,出现充血、水肿,进一步发展形成结核结节。结节互相融合,干酪坏型材溃疡。病变侵及肌层,引起纤维化,使膀胱挛缩变小(结核性小膀胱)。

(一)肾结核

          临床与病理

血源感染

皮质、髓质内形成结核性脓肿

破入肾盏,形成空洞,肾盂肾盏溃疡形成

肾盂肾盏狭窄,壁增厚

感染蔓延,肾实质广泛破坏

多发空洞形成

结核性脓肾

(抵抗力增强)局部钙化,甚至全肾钙化(肾自截)

 

临床

       泌尿系结核以肾结核最重要,输尿管和膀胱结核继发于肾结核。

       早期无症状,感染波及肾盂、输尿管、膀胱,出现尿频、尿急、尿痛和血尿,可伴全身结核症状

  尿路造影

1. Simple renal cyst

         X-ray:

         The larger one can see the contour change, and occasionally the arcuate calcification of the capsule wall.

         IVP:

The smaller ones can be abnormal, and the larger ones can be characterized as elongated, shortened, compressed and enlarged renal pelvis, but smooth and non-destructive.

(二)Polycystic kidney disease 多囊肾

         In the early phase: normal parenchyma is present

         In the late phase: died of renal failure

         Progressive renal failure and hypertension usually evident in the fourth decade, occasionally as early as childhood and young adulthood.

 

Polycystic kidney disease

          [Image presence]

          X-ray: The contour of both kidney are enlarged.

IVP: Renal pelvis and renal pelvis displaced, elongated, thinned, separated, similar the feet of spiders.

[影像学表现]

X线:双肾影分叶状增大。

IVP肾盂肾盏移位、拉长、变细、分离,呈蜘蛛足样改变。

(一)肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma, RCC

[临床与病理]

肾细胞癌占全部肾恶性肿瘤的85%,占全身恶性肿瘤的2%-3%。

>40岁,男:女=3:1

实性肿块,于肾脏上下两极,假包膜,血供丰富,周围侵犯,淋巴转移,远处转移

病理分类(1997年):

透明细胞癌(70%),乳头状细胞癌(10%-20%),嫌色细胞癌(5%-10%),集合管癌(1%),未分类癌(罕见)

临床表现:

无痛性肉眼血尿,腹痛,腹部肿块。少数患者副肿瘤综合征(红细胞增多症或高钙血症)

CT增强:

大多数(透明细胞癌)皮质期明显强化,实质期强化程度迅速减低,呈所谓“快进快出”型。

少数(乳头状癌和嫌色细胞癌等)皮质期强化程度较低,实质期有增高趋势,呈“缓慢升高”型。

进展期肾细胞癌:

       易累及肾窦,并肾外侵犯:肾周脂肪密度增高、消失,肾筋膜增厚,侵犯邻近组织器官。

       肾静脉、下腔静脉癌栓:管径增粗,管腔内充盈确损。

       淋巴结转移:肾门、主动脉旁淋巴结肿大,呈类圆形软组织密度结节。

       远处转移

 

       T1WI上肿瘤呈等或偏低信号,皮髓质分界消失;T2WI上肿瘤呈不均匀高信号

       假包膜征像(低信号环),以T2WI显示清楚,为肾癌的特征表现(受压的肾实质、血管和纤维组织)

       Gd-DTPA增强扫描,强化方式与CT类似

       能清楚显示周围侵犯及转移征象:肾周侵犯;肾静脉或下腔静脉癌栓;肾门腹主动脉及下腔静脉周围淋巴结转移  

 

肾盂癌renal pelvic carcinoma, RPC

[影像学表现]

X线:无价值。

IVP:肾盂肾盏内充盈缺损,形态不规则。

CT:肾窦区肿块,周围肾窦脂肪受压,可侵入邻近肾实质。可出现积水。增强扫描肿块轻、中度强化,延迟扫描可显示肾盏内的充盈缺损。

MRI:类似于CT

 

 ()肾脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(renal angiomyolipoma)

[临床与病理]

肾脏较常见的良性肿瘤,好发于40-60岁女性

由不同比例血管、平滑肌和脂肪组织组成

临床表现:早期无症状,易出血

CT平扫:典型表现为肾实质内边界清楚的混杂密度肿块,CT值测量发现脂肪成分是其特征性表现。

CT增强扫描:肿块的脂肪性低密度区无强化,而血管性结构发生较明显强化。

(四)输尿管肿瘤

输尿管肿瘤较少,占全部泌尿系统肿瘤的1%-2%,其中80%为恶性肿瘤

[临床与病理]

移行细胞癌最常见。80%呈乳头状生长,余呈浸润性生长

多见于男性,平均发病年龄60岁

临床表现:血尿、腹痛

[影像学表现]

X线:无意义。

IVP:直接征象:输尿管内的充盈缺损,

      间接征象:输尿管梗阻,其上方输尿管及肾盂、肾盏扩张积水。

CT

       直接征象:

       输尿管梗阻端软组织肿块(较小者呈圆形,较大者形态不规则,并可累及周围组织)。

       增强扫描,肿块轻中度强化。

       病变区输尿管狭窄、闭塞、管壁不规则增厚、或腔内充盈缺损。

       间接征象:

       病变上方输尿管、肾盂、肾盏扩张积水。

       肿瘤的临近组织结构侵犯及淋巴结转移。

 

(五)膀胱肿瘤

多发生于40岁以上男性,分为上皮性(占95%,多为恶性)和非上皮性肿瘤(少见,平滑肌瘤、嗜铬细胞瘤和淋巴瘤)。

膀胱癌

[临床与病理]

移行细胞癌最常见,少数为鳞癌和腺癌。移行细胞癌多呈乳头状生长,故呈乳头状癌。易发生在三角区和两侧壁,表面凹凸不平,晚期形成较大肿块。

临床表现:无痛性肉眼血尿,常并尿频、尿急、尿痛等膀胱刺激症状。

 

 [影像学表现]

X线:价值不大,偶可发现肿瘤钙化。

IVP:膀胱壁突向腔内的结节状或菜花状充盈缺损。基底较宽,表面轮廓不规则。

CT

       膀胱壁局部不规则增厚

       向腔内突出的软组织密度肿块,可呈分叶、不规则或菜花状,少数可有钙化

       增强扫描:多明显均一强化。延迟扫描,腔内充满高密度造影剂,肿瘤显示为充盈缺损

       肿瘤较大可出现临近组织侵犯:膀胱周围脂肪层消失,其内可见软组织密度影;侵犯前列腺时使之增大变形;膀胱精囊三角消失,受累精囊增大;子宫或直肠受累

       盆腔淋巴结肿大。

MRI

       肿瘤较小时仅表现为壁局限性不规则增厚,较大时呈结节状肿物向腔内,肿物表面不光滑,呈软组织样信号

       T1WI肿瘤信号强度与正常膀胱壁相等或略高;T2WI肿瘤信号强度明显高于肌肉

       MRI对显示膀胱癌向周围侵犯征象较清楚:膀胱壁受侵表现为T2WI低信号环中断,膀胱周围受侵表现为膀胱壁与周围高信号脂肪界面模糊或高信号脂肪信号内出现软组织信号影

 

九、肾外伤

[临床与病理]

较常见,包括:肾被膜下血肿、肾周血肿、肾挫伤及肾撕裂伤

临床表现:疼痛、血尿、伤侧腹壁紧张、腰部肿胀,严重者可休克

[影像学表现]

X线、IVP:很少用于检查肾脏外伤

CT:为首选检查手段

         Renalsubcapsular hematoma肾被膜下血肿:与肾实质边缘紧密相连的新月形或双凸状高密度区,邻近肾实质受压变形。增强检查无强化。

         Perinephric hematoma肾周血肿:肾脏周围的新月形高密度病变,范围较广,但限于肾筋膜囊内。

         Renal contusion肾挫伤:肾实质内高密度、混杂密度或低密度灶,增强多无强化,偶见对比剂外溢或进入病灶内(集合系统受损)。

         Renal laceration肾撕裂伤:肾实质连续性中断,其间见带状或裂隙状高密度或低密度影。撕裂的肾组织增强检查可强化。

 

第二部分

肾上腺

     腹膜后

 

 

第四节 肾上腺

(一)、正常CT表现

       位置:腹膜后肾上极上方与肾同在肾周脂肪囊内。

       形态:

    右肾上腺多呈长条形、倒V、倒Y

    左肾上腺多为倒V、倒Y或三角形

       密度:软组织密度

       大小:侧肢厚度<10mm

(一)、异常CT表现

1、肾上腺肿块

1)肿块数目:双侧肿块多见于转移瘤,也可见于结核、腺瘤和嗜铬细胞瘤

2)肿块大小:功能性腺瘤较小,非功能性腺瘤和恶性肿瘤较大

3)肿块密度:

       水样密度,均一强化——腺瘤

       水样密度,无强化——囊肿

       混杂密度,有脂肪成分——髓脂瘤

       混杂密度,有坏死 囊变,不均匀强化——嗜铬细胞瘤、皮质癌、转移瘤等

2、双侧肾上腺弥漫性增大:多为肾上腺增生

3、双侧肾上腺变小:肾上腺萎缩

(二)、异常MRI表现:与CT类似

(二)嗜铬细胞瘤

[临床与病理]

神经内分泌肿瘤,产生儿茶酚胺。

10%恶性, 10%异位, 10%多发,10%多发,10%家族性。

发病高峰:20-40

临床表现:阵发性高血压,头痛、心悸、多汗和皮肤苍白,发作数分钟缓解

检查:24小时尿中儿茶酚胺的代谢产物香草基扁桃酸(VMA)明显高于正常

(二)嗜铬细胞瘤

[影像学表现]

CT

肿块多较大,多>3cm,呈圆形,椭圆形软组织肿块, 边界清;

较大者多有坏死、囊变,少数可见钙化;较小者密度均匀

增强扫描:明显条索状分层强化及囊变是本病的特点;

恶性者,边缘模糊,形态不规则,常有腹膜后淋巴结转移,邻近组织浸润和肝转移。

MR

T1WI类似肌肉信号,T2WI:明显高信号(富含水分和血窦)

不含脂肪,因而梯度回波反相位无信号降低

增强同CT

第五节 腹膜后间隙

一、正常影像学表现

腹膜后间隙位于后腹部,是壁腹膜与腹横筋膜之间的间隙及其内解剖结构的总称,上达膈下,下至盆腔入口。根据肾前、肾后、侧锥筋膜将其分为三个间隙:前肾旁间隙、肾周间隙、后肾旁间隙

二、腹膜后肿瘤

腹膜后淋巴瘤

[临床与病理]

分为霍奇金和非霍奇金淋巴瘤。

临床表现:无痛性、进行性浅表淋巴结肿大,发热、贫血、食欲减低、体重下降和局部压迫等症状

[影像学表现]

       腹膜后淋巴结肿大,可以相互融合成块,当腹主动脉和下腔静脉后方淋巴结肿大,将腹主动脉和下腔静脉向前推移,致其显示不清,呈“主动脉淹没征”

       增强检查,淋巴结轻度强化,无特异性。淋巴结可出现坏死,坏死无强化。